Ur. ffi A QUARTTRLY JOLIRNAL rOR MEMBERS OF ltin i AMERICAN COLLEGE OF HERALDRY ry V.lo*.X)CKII Som-"r?010 Noul:er3 IJERALDRY OI{ GE,R}AqN NOTGELD lry Mwray Lze Eiland \Yodd \-{fu I aod its aftermath was a period of economic crisis to issue notes iri drei name. Busiaesses also pro<luced-_notes to for Germany. During &is petiod ceatral authoriry was strained. In cover debts owed to their emplovees. Phase two was affected b,i' *',-l.l*.t:;-." towns and response municipalities, along *,ith ';il.apc - oln-o some hanL< ri'ith c^mc t1le ..^-^-i. banks t1-.. rllmcte q{ter economic climate after the rwer war, snecifirallv rftet the Treaty spec-16ia1iy after Treatr,' of "^i,-" "-.1 villages urr,l .tute and prir,ate owned 6rms ;r,:: ::,..-:-:,:..-,*,*..::.,: . r-;,t=e--?:l . <...---..-.-; \'etsadles of 28 Juae 1919. Article 231 -#;::f ,mdffi*.ifi:tT#*: cy rnoney'), and it w; issued duting t|:i$l#El}S$Ettlfi '" the period'191+1923.1 Of particulai r'.1t$; ;r^**$liilii l,#ffiH$$'lli $=l:,,-ll of the treatv stipuJated that ;':.$:#tJ'df*'",*J[f*'m; tli',i: lives-lost during the war. During this pedod the German C3ntral Bank be- ,i relevancehereisthatnotesis!uedd*-1jji*d!ganprintingmassesofmoneySoas.to ing this ped.d can prorrrinent pafi.)r part t'^"*',*;t*# of the rhe comDos,Dun. cc *?,:.,*?J,11*';P#'fft"7 her-ATUilB}lFtUlIfTVW a Drolruncnr The ptominence given to regional S@up,g1i$",,.0r191*!gi,:INNN{fffi|.flL,, l ,t,"";.notesilr*rvere*r'.prinred , Lta- liS.ffi.%ry*i$i,ft:r Itri:"ffiH##:rT:ffir# I ii;;-i , H"'ffi,f:ffi:hr?tf':r sueul usruLt ut ult utrE. -1i Llus -. .-'-,-_ ) ,., by a4ryain loc'a1 au- ir.ln nefalqrv heraldry per v,'il1 snow, show, *';arr an was an fr;m art rr{)m - i \ 1,.-r-. .,; AYI?. i:. pu..ed,i., l'''Juli- a romandcised g{)loen age folrtanuclseo g,.rlden i:, '.t rhat was lL:..1+,---_Zi ?rge rnat ../. :-\i ,;: ',:..'' L/L- rhar 1922 I'tttrutrLu the urdr permincd u pnnung of .}... lf:,-Z_ jH/4r.94@.-<. .-...-..: SJ$17-;i1iI-*::i.. si!4i?q6.r .-::..----:==:::3Jeii4i?q&.- and prorided for parucu.larli.rpp.rlir-,3 ro a peopte wn() emcrgenc! monev and emcrgencf w-ere r" ir=re the *idst in thi of iocial midst of turmoil For FIG 11:: Notgeld1ron iocial ttr;moil il:e ,ig Notseht lron t!:e dty of Ian*bers am ltcb o{ Ltnt*berg in Bataia). bcb iin Bat,aia). certain safeguards. safeguards- several yeats it was unclear if Geunany Tb raat oJ uins has a Jbnciful retdition af the tily abyLe. It w-ar lest It is clear that rnuch money ?ro- rvould emerge frerm civil rvar as a com knozyn.-far a lam cefitet: The toun was btcr knownftn the duced after the lau'wa^s passed.did not ,histuic munist natirin. Both \,{a6 and Engles pisoa where Ado/f Hitler wy in".pr1one.d it 1924. It uat also the sile ,r"n attempt t6 reach the minimum *' tu ?r' in'[o use Notes producld dur- S..trif ;h:'#I* ,,,}:: *a:T '*':!;,"1 ;:,fff;'?ul!,;!;,:!l;:;,::r;;'{,:!;if;;,:*:';{;; ing this petiod rvere in exceedingl-v high it would'be the first cou[trv to undergo a corrrmunist revolurion.z denominations.Therewerecasesv'hefenoteshadtobestampedwith t&ile this earl-v "domino theort'' proved incorrect, rvhat weflt on a nerv value because b,v the time they came ftom_the printer the val-ire in Germany ir betveefl the w'orid ir-ars orar very much a battle {or had chauged. L: other cases lr:tes could be re-cailedand stamped' For the hearts and minds of the populace. Notgeld prrx'ides essentjal exampleia lg23theonethousandmarknoteoi 1922was te-issued information about the social climate of the age. after it',vas given the new value of <ne billioo qrarks. For rhe last 6ve The prrxluctir:n of Nogeld can be divided into twophases. Dur- months of 1923 inflatir,n stood at 300 million perc-ent. At ihis.stage ing the phase, trading currencies were issued becaust the u,ar put fuit areas could be ftrrced to prgducg money practically.every night, as p.irr*. on ccrins. The rianufacture of arms and armor used metals vaiues changed so quickly'. On 16d' November 1923 the Rentenmark which lecl to a situation where the value of the metal in a coin was was introduced zrrd inflation stopped. The exchange rate r'vas 4 2 hfthet rhan trillion marks to the face val- the US do1lar.3 It ue. People is a notabie fea- as rvel1 as or- ture that during ganisations the period of started to rapid intlau,,n, hoard coins. theCenttalBank This soon produced notes lead (of6cial- that were badly h. or not) to designed and coins being rathry utiliar- melteddown. Ltn. In conffast Change was manymunicipal- in short sup- ities produced FIG 2: Notge/dJron A4iesbarh, a taatt which * the dinid mpiial pll. Nlayors money that was FIG i: Notgeld al' the i.!t of Rastenberg. The town n'at in Batsia. The.froil ol the rurc it *[tr.wd with heraldry:. Th, (Burger- excellendy de- xtablshed in the tr'[ona:tic Sua E the Tucotth Krigllt and areu is kruwnJor tpa-, henLe blue it tsed l*rdldi,allr. Iq lift l?b and s(ned. meisters) There .qrarrod - lown ighls ia 1 )57. Ltter. the l1u,fl pLa: ia lhe prorittte ceda1, tbe towt beeame a n$erfor the nnsertaior of lraditional councils of was also aoother o{ Eas! Pras;a, ard pa'knoun in Cerman ns &*enbp1. Tbt loun was renantetl {ran R tsterubork lo Kgltqln aJter lhe commuli- costumes {hente tlte tortilmet ofl tbe .rfi,bp0rterr. The imagc of tbe reason to make Mauian aijist W'olirh K64:fiski in 1950. The cifi now toatr is in a "heraldicfrann." Tbe otber.ride of note $atet that ties, villages, the money ap- ie Poland has a new caat $ anm with a beat ia lbe woodt the d4.Alieil*h 2tilrLtfireel n.i!li ,t;.tund.r tfu reder4pliot aa*rc aJ tbi, itorgetd rinti/ ti.,e eg;,ation af iii paiul ot ualiiiy.. The staie- to1vns and pear of{tcio1, (hap:/ /t:.w*,{*tt4'n.p//). Tbe note staks that it is tteld antil next is dand 29.! 2.1 920. cities began particularlv if it one nonlh tlftrr it is razt/itd. It it dated I -9.2'l .  JtB:5::3[SriIii,..1 tt,Hi*+ffii ,l*t;r i;----:" 'l ";; ffi$'i*7 E:"trk :: I $mffi}ffi ffifl...; ,Jr) A[EEEe',idfrffi.+A;iaala J"' :a:/: oif,a and i/: peini! al' *tljtiitl aiil i;e atutatni,eii ltl il;e tlewga?tr thin the due date had arivcd. G.ir-en that r:he penul cf r.alidit'r t;i ing mctal tokens. '1'he ::csr.rl.t is that NotgyLl is a iar betrer medium firr Theie was some risk is accepurg Notgeld. are cornparablc t() comics ()t everl pohtrcal p(lsters as an indic:ror ,ri Because Notgeld was fi()t issued bv fhc ceotrai biink, it ctrnnot be social a:r.-rres. anitlring 1ik" crrrrenq' iss,.riii bv the cciriial bank. It titeled to be beiter "cin " thar issued thr: currcn.lj and not anY centl?} authorin'.- irt,n: ore ar-err diffei.,nt from th:rt macle somervhere eise. tkne. T'here is so rrruclt Notgeld ar.ailabie todal' tlrat it is virtr::rl,il' ul- tlrev rvci'e recleen-uble in goods and nor desipyrcri to replace currcnc\' 5,500 notcs. Beiwcen 1916 22, -smitll nores (under I mat'k r-aiue), rvetc as "iurrencv'". Some in -\merica mav rememb.r'rvherr lrz;oden nick- \\}en the inf,ati<N:r started l{) escalate rn 1922 23, Eti0 places issued els issueel bt-st<rtes during the Greatl)eptession. -1.s a rulc, horvcver, 4,1.)00 fitltes ben!-ecn lLl -1000 matks and ant,ihet 5,849 places issued l\()iG!lLDSCIllalN l Lt{'lt]]!]}'i .tlilti I ;r-".; --1=1 f,- r k! ,, trfl *': f{"1rS'ffilili ' iitit irole fut,t i,eeti silttiliiiil nnttita:, letritt{orll t blrd ibrlp:iitt'l;tw.ruueblLautett.rief ). 70,000 notes ranging from 1000 marks upwards.T revolution. A maior factor aiding &e National Socialists was the per- There was another factor - besides economic aecessity - *rat ia- ception that &e Versailles peace trerlty \i/as seen as imposed by foreign ceased the circulation of Notgeld. Collectors sooo appreciated Not- powers who promised a more lenient peace. The goveffrment that led geld in much the safire way as stamps. They were made for a fimited time Germarry after the war was also seen as illegitimate, and the abolition by mor.e than one authoriry aad were colorfrrl and historic Albums as- of the German Monarchy and dismanding of the military after the wat sembled ftom newiy printed Notgeid are still fouad in antique matkets. enhanced the prestige of both. In a period of rampant in{lation and Authorities could issue Notgeid even after they were no longer valid social unrest the Weimar Republic vzas accountable, $/hile the popula- as currency. As a rule many of the notes issued after about 1920 wete tion was left to dream of a militarl' future that was worthy of a glorious heavily collected, and at about this tirne the economic necessity of Ls- past.12 Yet this is rather a slrnplistic vemion of history. The images on suing these ootes \ras ao longet a majot factor The notes that were Notgeld show a much more complicated picnue, oot iust a populace issued as a sedes (Serienscheiae) were quite cleady targeting the collec- waitng to be led into tlle Natioaal Sociaiist nighnrure tor market. This is of course a factor in many other collectables as well. The reasons Notgeld depicted heraldry are clear. The socia.l unrest Some smaller oatioas pay particular attention to producing artistically of the period during and after the :Faf, was a time when the popuJace outstanding stamps in the knowledge that a maior matket is collectors wanted to believe that there was a goldan age of stability that couid and not for use as postzge. In the lattet ca^se this caa involve the use come again, Regionai heraldry served as a rallying poing &e last liak in of well knorrn foreigrr designers, which makes these samps less of an a chain-that stretched to the central go'uemment in Bedin. The social expression of aational sentiment^ In t}le case of Notgeld there appears unrest dernonsuated that Bedin no longer functioned, but the heraldry to be litde effort to make the symbols intemarional, arrd thete is no on the Notgeld shovzed that the power of various Getman regions was reason to question tlrat they are expressi,on of regional pride. In this grovringinitelative cuurn On a pmcticallevel,with the centralgov- case the local heraldry adds weight to this observation. emment in turmoil the regional authodties issued aotes using symbols The German states a.s they were before the end of &e morurchy of authority. They had no right to use natinaal symbols, but could use were relatively autoflomous. The system as it was betweea 1871-1918 regional symbols without censrue. was a confederation headed by the Getman Emperoq who haodled With the asceadeacy of the National Socialist movemeflt, the foteiga policy and military rnatters. Each state continued to exist as a control of the central state was asserted and reglorlai differeoces in separate entity. Postage stamps aod cuuencys was the prerogative of Germany were suppressed. Notgeld, a curency i"sued try regions and thi central govefiunent. There were 26 sepxate states which ranged extolling regronal differences, was a trremorT of a pasl that a sffong from kingdoms, grand duchies, principalides, ftee Haaseatic cities, and central govemment would like to forget. In addition, the new rnove- one Imperial tecitory. The Kingdom of Prussia was fhe largest statq ment had litde desire to saflction the monarchy and associaGd social and made up about 607o of the Getman Empite. Each governing r:nit system t}rat was abolished after the war. They strove to create a riew of the Empire seotrepresentatives to the Imperial Council (Bundesrat).. social system urhich was modeiled upon ancient Rome.13 Vhile the The rise oi cites in &i iatter part of the 19$ and beginning of the 20s cult of the Emperor and the state was eaforced, individuals were less cerhry did not impact on the odginal systerq which was dominated important Herildry, and its associations with the old aristocracy, did by rual areas. Upon tlle abdication of the Emperor on 28 November not have zplace. One commentator, much like in the previous quote, 1918 Gerrnany became a Federal Republic, but the states and tegloos sug€iests that "The design of most notgeld, particulady in rural ar continued to exert coasiderable control over domestic affairs. a..* oa historic messages and heraldic ilolagery, slipping quicHy German hetaldry has a numbet of distinctive featues when "ioto, rornanti&ed nationalisnq a:rd ukimately the seeds of BIut urrd compared to the traditions of other nations. Oae of the most striking Boden-.."1a The reviewet quoted here cootrasts the design of Baye4 features is tle use of multiple crests. The design oa the crest can be re- using oflh type, as: "...stunning examples of modernist desigr, shin- peated on the shield, which is not usually the case for British heraldty. fu€ &e light;f rational thir*ing forward rathet than seeking comfort One of the other featues is t}at animals may take oa a numbet of in t1le pasr"ls This paper, however, suggests that both of these com- different partem$ A number of Germaa crvic au&odties have lions, meffators mis-understand the evidence. It is not coffect to suggest as is cleat from the hetaldry on the Notgeld- Both Hesse and Thuringia that the regional symbolism used oa Noqeld was "natior:alist." No depict a Eon barry argent and gules. The eagle has been an enduring one can doubt that the economic crisis engendered social tutrnoii and symboi of empire ia Germany, a tradition that was likely adapted from a number of ugly philosophies.r6 However, no strabht lines can be Byzantium aod adopted by Charlemagne. It is even claimed rhat the drawn from hetaldry on l{otgeld to Nazi arocities. Sadly for the study red eagte of Brandenbug was adopted as eady as the 10e cefltury. of her:aidry, such asserlions can srray the geneml public, who percelve Over tjme the eagle carne to represent imperial power while the lion heraldry ad simply an appendage of an oppressive political system that represented Roy al sovereignty.e is long'dead. Ho*ever, as the images shovr, the images oa Notgeld Each of the German states have coals of atms, and city states sho'w a regronal pdde. This pdde has yet to be extinguished e qo- such as Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen have them as wel1. As a privilege rnany, as iJclear &om a rlrmber of websites which give pride of place under the German tovrn law, the cities carl bear an open crown on the to regional heraldry (F*xbtr ilh.mrarinm an pqe I 2) shield. Other atms can depict the arms of nobles who ruled the regiorq notable landmatks, or canting arms. N1any arms have a long history and Endrofes can be found on offcial documeats (city seats) on documents. Ovetall 1 Emergency moo€y was also issued in other countries and in other coatexts as well For a geneml reference see Cowtney L Coffrng A the notes surveyed here (which are selected for their heraldry) attempt G*i& and ChaHist of VottdNotgeld l9t4-1947, Krause Publications (2rd to depict the past as an assluance. Io the case of Notgeld, which may Printing) 1988. or miy not be honoured when it is redeerned, authorities may have 2 { E;dlc v-aa Rer., The politital thougbt Jorph Std$n: a stz@ ie twntieth+ntury played upon evety symbol of au&odty awailable to them. reaol*tionary paliotism, Roudedge Curzon, 2ffi2,p. 52. After the waq a relatively libeml governmeot, the \feirnat Repub- 3 lyilliam Guttmaon & Patncia Meeharl The Great Infation: Gernaryt 191 9' lic10, sought to consolidate conftol over Germany. It was an easy target I 9 2 J, Gotdar and Cremonesi, 1976. criticisnl as the economic sittration was dirq and there was widespread 4 Of course a Feteflder could also strike coios asd &erefore legitimise social urrresl Socialism seemed to be gaining ground, particularly in his claim- Ia manv cases it appears that locd authoritieg rather than enterprising individuals, were responsible for the productioo of sp-urious the cities. The images from rural areas, where much Notgeld'was coo- Roman cofos, which could also be made using inferior metal TLis is ceived and circulated, shows yeamings o{ a different sott. Many of a vast subiect aad will only be touched upon here For an interesting the images harkened to a glodous past. Romantic conceptioas of so- website devoted to ooe tlpe of ancient imitation seePt:lDass,Initatioar ciai order were extolled. As one commentator has stated: "Themes af Ronax Republicdn Deaaii hW: / / titritaioasancients.info/. of Bht ufid Budrn, nostalgia fot the glorious pasq and chauvinisms of 5 Oolv notes prirted odl fraper are ccnsidered here.Other materials aad all kinds drat appear in the words and images of -htrarge#provided the forms of Notgeld were also used, such as metal and ceramic coins, reigns &at enabled a National So.ialtsm to tug at the heatts and minds along with coal arld perhaps even elemental sulphur. Printed-Nogeld of common Germans."11 National Socialism did indeed drzvz upon was irsually printed on papeq but other materials could be rised such as conceptions of a glorious past, and had Iitde difficulty in presendng foil, leatheq-linen, si& veh'et and wood could also be used It has been speculated that the leadrer Notgeld wa-s relawe\ inflatioo proof as the themselves as &e only akernative tn social chaos of not commurrist  REGISTRATIONS APPEARING frAtL Ftrffi FAYffiGruSE INTHISISSUE PTEASE CHECK THE INSERT WIT}I THIS ISSUE, OR BECOME A PATRON ONLINE AT OUR WEBSITE: WWW.AM E RICANCOI.I.EG EO FH E RALDRY.ORG GaryB. Sullimn Shaqm Daniel Fitzpa.dc{{ ffi (continaed fron Herald4, on Notgeld, page 3) *1,11 a;{i (chckwi*-fron upper leJi) FIC l1: Thit NaQeld"fron Kappeln pA km northeast af Schkswig) it labelled at ffi a gutshein ahich rotgh$ tratslate.r as a'LTedil ticket.' iffix d;a;*;*lr t ffi ffi It i: dared 6 Julj 1 92A, and is only good a*i/ it is paltlic$ drclared to be wid; FIG 12: Thi: Notgeld 1or 10 pJbnning.fron Mai*q;r ddted 1 A?nl 1921 . ffi Il has tbe nat of armt af Johannes Censfei.;cls rytr WFffi# I tden q4n Galenberg fi aAA-1 a68). Jahawtes Cstea' ffi# ,,,*Hi bergadapted * a. rtrndrne the nane giwn to the hotse ;1 gtu ti oJ his parentt, (possib$ becaase bis Gen:Jleilfi;t'amili i%#i ffi ilaile - .goott mcat - did nol pand digfiified enaugh). Tbe Censfeitclt 4rr Ltder J'a. ni$ n'g, be reJated to ..5 :is':3tu'e>t= iib' il.\s <3 t*.* lfu Gentftiscb uox Soryenloth -f'anily, whorc arnts alsa fealure a begar. Far another rendeing of lhe arns see: b try : / / irt,t . n fi ftl e ricat a. com / a rm -t / gu te r b rg. h tn ; e FIG li: NatAeld lrlltr the citj of Plaa*Tl:iir (in Tbaingia) dated i0.1A.l 921 . This note is good.lbr one nonlh afier redl The ilntenca above the coat of arms stale.t thal rhit is lhe rcp'o/a'nal o1' arms. btt il is lhe sane today ftttp:/ / www.plaue-tiueingea.dr/1: FIG 74: Notgeldfrom Phillil:psthal an der lYerta dated 1 Oaaber 1921 , The rcat a;f arms on the left ltas rhe insr$tiot gllrick auf wbich is a corzmon pbtase used bjt niners for "good lwck!" The toat of arns todai is: Gules a nounl of three arge$, issaant lhere from a cross of Lmralne pattie 0l tbe *cand. ttpofi the ?rzilfld ax inescntcheon azgre a bor raupant barl- of nine arge nt and gaks ante d aud rowne d Or. Tl:c ry1 is Ju mnzryn.l in.the corumunity !\ atd the Hers;t'eld Abbey The triped lionir Jor thil tndgraws a.f Huse-Kastel (http: / / atnw.philipp:thal.de/ ). 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