The semiconductor industry isn’t one industry.
It’s 8 industries stacked on top of each other.
And most people only ever see one.
That’s why the semiconductor world feels so confusing from the outside.
Different business models.
Different incentives.
Different bottlenecks.
Here’s the simplest way to understand how it actually works 👇
1) Chip design (fabless)
These companies design chips but don’t manufacture them.
They create the architecture and rely on foundries to build it.
Top players: NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Broadcom, AMD, MediaTek
2) In-house chip designers
Their core business isn’t chips.
The silicon exists to power their own products or platforms.
Top players: Apple, Google, Amazon, Tesla, Microsoft
3) IP & design tools
The invisible layer.
Without these tools and IP blocks, nothing gets taped out.
Top players: Arm, Cadence, Synopsys
4) Foundries
They turn designs into silicon.
Extreme precision. Massive capital. Zero room for mistakes.
Top players: TSMC, Samsung Foundry, UMC, GlobalFoundries, SMIC
5) Equipment makers
They don’t make chips.
They make the machines that define what chips can be made.
Top players: ASML, Applied Materials, Lam Research, KLA
6) Materials & components
Wafers, substrates, chemicals, passives.
Unsexy — and absolutely critical.
Top players: Murata, TDK, Ibiden, Unimicron, Samsung Electro-Mechanics
7) Assembly & testing (OSAT)
Where chips are packaged, tested, and prepared for the real world.
This step decides yield, cost, and reliability.
Top players: ASE Group, Amkor, JCET
8) Integrated players (IDMs)
Design and manufacturing under one roof.
More control. More risk. More complexity.
Top players: Intel, Samsung, Micron, Texas Instruments, Infineon
Final products (OEMs)
They don’t care how the chip was made.
They care that it works, ships on time, and hits cost targets.
The key takeaway:
No single company “builds a chip.”
A chip is the result of a global relay race,
where every handoff matters.
That’s why semiconductors are hard to scale,
slow to localize,
and impossible to simplify.
Which layer of this stack do you think is the most misunderstood?