How do you use the IF, AND, OR, and NOT functions to create conditional logic and criteria in Excel?

Built-in functions in Excel that perform calculations on a range of cells to summarize data in order to analyze & draw insights from datasets. It commonly includes: SUM: Adds up all the values in a specified range. AVERAGE: Calculates the mean of a range of values. MIN: Returns the smallest value in a range. MAX: Returns the largest value in a range. COUNT: Counts the number of cells that contain numbers. In addition to the basic functions, it also includes: COUNTA: Counts non-empty cells in a range. SUMIF: Sums values based on specified criteria. AVERAGEIF: Averages values based on criteria. MEDIAN: Finds the middle value in a set of numbers. Using these, users can create comprehensive reports & dashboards for better decision-making.

Aggregate Functions: Aggregate functions perform calculations on a range of values and return a single value. Common aggregate functions include: SUM: Adds up all the numbers in a range. AVERAGE: Calculates the average of numbers in a range. COUNT: Counts the number of cells that contain numbers. MAX: Returns the largest number in a range. MIN: Returns the smallest number in a range.

In Excel, the `IF`, `AND`, `OR`, and `NOT` functions are used to create conditional logic and criteria for decision-making. The `IF` function checks whether a condition is true or false and returns one value if true and another if false. The `AND` function checks if all conditions are true, while the `OR` function checks if at least one condition is true. The `NOT` function reverses the result of a condition, returning true if the condition is false and vice versa. By combining these functions, you can build complex logical tests. For example, `=IF(AND(A1 > 10, OR(B1 = "Yes", NOT(C1 = "No"))), "Pass", "Fail")` checks multiple conditions before deciding the outcome.

The SUMIF & SUMIFS functions are essential for conditional summation. SUMIF - sums based on a single condition. Syntax: SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range]) If a company wants total sales from the East region to assess regional performance. In Excel, to sum sales in "B2" where the region in "A2" is "East" =SUMIF(A2:A10, "East", B2:B10) SUMIFS - sums based on multiple criteria. Syntax: SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...) If a manager wants sales of product "A" in the East region for better inventory decisions. In Excel, to sum sales in "B2" for the region "East" & product "A" =SUMIFS(B2:B10, A2:A10, "East", C2:C10, "A") These functions enable effective data analysis & reporting in Excel.

SUMIF Function: The SUMIF function sums the values in a range that meets a single condition. Syntax: SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range]) range: The range of cells that you want to apply the criteria to. criteria: The condition that must be met. sum_range: The actual cells to sum. Ex: =SUMIF(A2:A10, ">100", B2:B10) This sums the values in B2:B10 where the corresponding values in A2:A10 are greater than 100. SUMIFS Function: The SUMIFS function sums the values in a range that meet multiple criteria. Syntax: SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...) Ex: =SUMIFS(B2:B10, A2:A10, ">100", C2:C10, "Approved") This sums the values in B2:B10 where the corresponding values in A2:A10 are greater than 100.

Essential for counting cells based on some criteria COUNTIF - counts the number of cells that meet a single condition Syntax: COUNTIF(range, criteria) A manager wants how many sales were made in the East region to evaluate regional performance In Excel, to count sales in "A2" for "East" region =COUNTIF(A2:A10, "East") COUNTIFS - counts cells based on multiple criteria Syntax: COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...) A manager wants how many customers purchased product "A" from the East region to plan marketing schemes In Excel, to count sales in "B2" for "East" region & product "A" =COUNTIFS(A2:A10, "East", C2:C10, "A") These functions aids businesses in effective data analysis & informed decision-making.

COUNTIF Function: The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells that meet a single condition. Syntax: COUNTIF(range, criteria) Example: =COUNTIF(A2:A10, ">100") This counts the number of cells in A2:A10 that are greater than 100. COUNTIFS Function: The COUNTIFS function counts the number of cells that meet multiple criteria. Syntax: COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...) Example: =COUNTIFS(A2:A10, ">100", C2:C10, "Approved") This counts the number of cells in A2:A10 that are greater than 100 and C2:C10 are "Approved".

The IF function in Excel is used to perform logical tests and return different values based on the result. It comes very handy while dealing with everyday tasks. The syntax is =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false). For example, =IF(A1>50, "Pass", "Fail") checks if the value in cell A1 is greater than 50. If true, it returns "Pass"; otherwise, it returns "Fail". This function is helpful for applying conditional logic in spreadsheets.

IF Function: The IF function performs a logical test and returns one value if the condition is true and another value if it is false. Syntax: IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false) Example: =IF(A2 > 100, "Yes", "No") This returns "Yes" if A2 is greater than 100, otherwise it returns "No".

To add complexity, the introduction of arrays in Excel simplified the use of formulas and made it easier to calculate multi-layer OR and AND functions. For instance, you can use =OR(A2={“Red”,“Blue”,“Green”}), instead of =OR(A2=“Red”,A2=“Blue”,A2=“Green”).

AND Function: The AND function returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE, and FALSE otherwise. Syntax: AND(logical1, [logical2], ...) Example: =AND(A2 > 50, B2 < 100) This returns TRUE if A2 is greater than 50 and B2 is less than 100. OR Function: The OR function returns TRUE if any of its arguments are TRUE, and FALSE otherwise. Syntax: OR(logical1, [logical2], ...) Example: =OR(A2 > 50, B2 < 100) This returns TRUE if A2 is greater than 50 or B2 is less than 100. NOT Function: The NOT function reverses the logic of its argument. Syntax: NOT(logical) Example: =NOT(A2 > 50) This returns TRUE if A2 is not greater than 50.

You can combine these functions to create complex logical tests. Example: =IF(AND(A2 > 50, OR(B2 < 100, NOT(C2 = "Approved"))), "Yes", "No") This formula checks if A2 is greater than 50 AND (B2 is less than 100 OR C2 is not "Approved"). If the condition is met, it returns "Yes", otherwise it returns "No". Summary Using these functions, you can build powerful conditional logic and criteria in Excel: IF: Simple conditional logic. AND, OR, NOT: Combine multiple conditions. SUMIF, SUMIFS: Sum values based on single or multiple conditions. COUNTIF, COUNTIFS: Count cells based on single or multiple conditions. These functions provide a robust toolkit for data analysis, reporting, and automation in Excel.