Linux/Unix Tutorial
Linux is one of the most widely used open-source operating systems. It's fast, secure, stable, and powers everything from smartphones and servers to cloud platforms and IoT devices. Linux is especially popular among developers, system administrators, and DevOps professionals.
- A Unix-like OS used in servers, cloud infrastructure, supercomputers, personal computers and embedded systems.
- Reliable and secure, making it ideal for web hosting, networking, and automation.
- Preferred in DevOps, where it's used for scripting, configuration, containerization (Docker), and CI/CD pipelines.
- Open-source and customizable, giving users full control over their systems and workflows.
1. Understanding Linux Basics
In this section, we will cover the basics of Linux operating system, how it works, and how it's different from Unix. We'll learn about the concept of Linux distributions (distros), why they exist, and how to choose the right one based on your needs—whether you're a beginner, developer, or system admin.
- Introduction to Linux Operating System
- What are Linux Distribution?
- Choosing a Linux Distribution
- Difference between Linux/Unix
Installing Linux
Before getting started with Linux, we need to set it up on your system. Here are two common ways to do this:
2. Linux Commands
Linux commands are instructions entered in the terminal to perform tasks such as navigating directories, managing files, monitoring system performance, and installing software. Here are the most commonly used Linux commands along with a complete list:
3. Linux File System
The Linux file system organizes data in a hierarchical structure, starting from the root ("/"). It defines how files and directories are stored, accessed, and managed, ensuring efficient system navigation and resource organization. In this section, we’ll explore its key components including the directory structure, file types, absolute and relative paths, and mount points.
- Linux File System
- Linux File Hierarchy Structure
- Linux Directory Structure
- File System Navigation Commands in Linux
- Absolute and Relative Pathnames in UNIX
4. File Management in Linux
File management in Linux is all about creating, viewing, editing, moving, copying, and deleting files and directories using both the command line and graphical tools. In this section, we’ll cover essential file management commands like ls, cd, cp, mv, rm, and touch, along with concepts like file paths, wildcards, and hidden files.
- File Management in Linux
- Files Listing: ls command
- Creating Files: touch command
- Displaying File Contents: cat command
- Copying a File: cp command
- Moving and Renaming a File: mv command
- Deleting a File: rm command
File Permissions in Linux
- Permissions in Linux
- Files Listing by ls command
- Changing Security Permissions by chmod command
- Soft and Hard links in Unix/Linux
- Advance File Permissions in Linux
- Find a File in Linux by Find Command
- View the Content of File in Linux by cat Command
5. Package Management
Package management in Linux involves installing, updating, and removing software using package managers like apt, yum, or dnf. It simplifies handling software dependencies and ensures systems stay updated and secure.
- Understanding Package Managers and systemctl
- apt-get command in Linux with Examples
- Debian Software Package Management(dpkg) in Linux
- How to Install RPM Packages on Linux?
- Installing YUM
- YUM Commands for Linux Package Management
- Zypper (openSUSE)
- Pacman command in Arch Linux
Linux Packages Manager
6. User and Group Management
Managing users and groups in Linux involves creating, modifying, and controlling user accounts, assigning permissions, and organizing users into groups for efficient access control and system security.
- How to Check the Groups a User Belongs to in Linux
- sudo command in Linux with Examples
- User Management in Linux
- awk command
- id username
- sudo useradd username
- passwd udername
- changing user ID
- modifying group ID
- Permissions in Linux
- chmod - Change permission
- passwd command in Linux with Examples
7. Linux Networking
Linux networking covers everything from configuring IP addresses and managing network interfaces to setting up firewalls, monitoring traffic, and enabling communication between devices and servers:
- Network configuration and trouble shooting commands in Linux
- How to configure network interfaces in CentOS?
Linux Firewall
- What is Linux Firewall?
- How to setup firewall in Linux?
- Basic iptables commands
- Managing firewall configuration
8. Shell Scripting
Shell scripting is writing a series of commands in a script file to automate tasks in a Linux or Unix shell. It simplifies repetitive tasks like file management, system monitoring, and process automation, using languages like Bash or other shell environments:
- Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting
- What is Kernel?
- What is Shell?
- Different Linux Shells
- Difference between Shell and Kernel
- What is a Terminal?
Creating and Running Shell Scripts
- Creating a Shell Script
- Defining the Shell Script Interpreter (
#!/bin/bash) - Comments in the Shell Script
- Storing and Displaying Messages in a Shell Script
- Storing the Output of Commands
- Exit Codes of Shell Commands
Variables in Shell Scripting
- Shell Scripting – Shell Variables
- Shell Scripting – Different Types of Variables
- Rules for Variable Definition
Bash Scripting
- Bash Scripting – Introduction to Bash and Bash Scripting
- Bash Script – Define Bash Variables and Its Types
- Working of Bash Scripting
- How To Run Bash Script In Linux?
- Bash Scripting - Functions
- Difference between Shell (sh) and Bash
- Basic Operators in Shell Scripting
Advanced Topics in Shell Scripting
9. System Administration
System administration in Linux involves managing and maintaining Linux systems, including tasks like user management, file permissions, software installation, network configuration, and monitoring system performance. It ensures the system operates efficiently and securely.
- What is Linux System Administration?
- Beginner's Guide to Linux System Administration
- Basic Linux Commands and File System Navigation
- User Management in Linux
- Group Management in Linux
Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Linux Systemd and Boot Process
- Introduction to Systemd and its Components
- Boot Process in Linux
- How to Control Systemd Services on a Remote Linux Server
10. Advance Linux Concepts
- Overview of the Linux Kernel
- Understanding Linux Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs)
- Virtualization with Docker Containers
Networking Services
Web Server Administration
11. Linux Cloud
- The Role of Linux in Cloud Computing and DevOps
- Linux commands in Devops
- Deploying and Managing Linux in the Cloud
Linux Interview Questions
Here are the top 70 most commonly asked Linux interview questions, covering essential topics like commands, shell scripting, system administration, networking, and troubleshooting:
