Rewrote unified types tour

Author: travissarles

tutorials/tour/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+unified-types:
+	dot -Tsvg unified-types-diagram.dot -o unified-types-diagram.svg
+type-casting:
+	dot -Tsvg type-casting-diagram.dot -o type-casting-diagram.svg

tutorials/tour/_posts/2017-02-13-unified-types.md

@@ -9,19 +9,20 @@ categories: tour
 num: 3
 next-page: classes
 previous-page: basics
+prerequisite-knowledge: classes, basics
 ---
 
-In Scala, all values are instances of a class, including numerical values and functions. The diagram below illustrates the class hierarchy.
+In Scala, all values have a type, including numerical values and functions. The diagram below illustrates a subset of the type hierarchy.
 
-![Scala Type Hierarchy]({{ site.baseurl }}/resources/images/classhierarchy.img_assist_custom.png)
+![Scala Type Hierarchy]({{ site.baseurl }}/tutorial/tour/unified-types-diagram.svg)
 
-## Scala Class Hierarchy ##
+## Scala Type Hierarchy ##
 
-The superclass of all classes `scala.Any` has two direct subclasses: `scala.AnyVal` and `scala.AnyRef`.
+[`Any`](http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.12.1/scala/Any.html) is the supertype of all types, also called the top type. It defines certain universal methods such as `equals`, `hashCode`, and `toString`. `Any` has two direct subclasses: `AnyVal` and `AnyRef`.
 
-`scala.AnyVal` represents value classes. All value classes are non-nullable and predefined; they correspond to the primitive types of Java-like languages. Note that the diagram above also shows implicit conversions between the value classes.
+`AnyVal` represents value types. There are nine predefined value types and they are non-nullable: `Double`, `Float`, `Long`, `Int`, `Short`, `Byte`, `Char`, `Unit`, and `Boolean`. `Unit` is a value type which carries no meaningful information. There is exactly one instance of `Unit` which can be declared literally like so: `()`. All functions must return something so sometimes `Unit` is a useful return type.
 
-`scala.AnyRef` represents reference classes. All non-value classes are defined as reference class. Every user-defined class in Scala implicitly extends `scala.AnyRef`. If Scala is used in the context of a Java runtime environment, `scala.AnyRef` corresponds to `java.lang.Object`.
+`AnyRef` represents reference types. All non-value types are defined as reference types. Anywhere an `AnyRef` Every user-defined type in Scala is a subtype of `AnyRef`. If Scala is used in the context of a Java runtime environment, `AnyRef` corresponds to `java.lang.Object`.
 
 Here is an example that demonstrates that strings, integers, characters, boolean values, and functions are all objects just like every other object:
 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ val list: List[Any] = List(
 )
 
 list.foreach(element => println(element))
-````
+```
 
 It defines a variable `list` of type `List[Any]`. The list is initialized with elements of various types, but they all are instance of `scala.Any`, so you can add them to the list.
 
@@ -48,3 +49,26 @@ c
 true
 <function>
 ```
+## Type Casting
+Value types can be cast in the following way:
+![Scala Type Hierarchy]({{ site.baseurl }}/tutorial/tour/type-casting-diagram.svg)
+For example:
+```tut
+val x: Long = 987654321
+val y: Float = x  // 9.8765434E8 (note that some precision is lost in this case)
+
+val face: Char = '☺'
+val number: Int = face  // 9786
+```
+Casting is unidirectional. This will not compile:
+```
+val x: Long = 987654321
+val y: Float = x  // 9.8765434E8
+val z: Long = y  // Does not conform
+```
+You can also cast a reference type to a subtype. This will be covered later in the tour.
+
+## Nothing and Null
+`Nothing` is a subtype of all types, also called the bottom type. There is no value that has type `Nothing`.  A common use is to signal non-termination such as a thrown exception, program exit, or an infinite loop (i.e., it is the type of an expression which does not evaluate to a value, or a method that does not return normally).
+
+`Null` is a subtype of all reference types (i.e. any subtype of AnyRef). It has a single value identified by the keyword literal `null`. `Null` is provided mostly for interoperability with other JVM languages and should almost never be used in Scala code. We'll cover alternatives to `null` later in the tour.

tutorials/tour/dot-hot-reload.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ls *.dot | entr make $1  # Choose either unified-types or type-casting (see Makefile)

tutorials/tour/type-casting-diagram.dot

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+digraph UnifiedTypes {
+  node [fontname = "Courier"];
+  rankdir="BT"
+
+
+  Byte -> Short;
+  Short -> Int;
+  Int -> Long;
+  Long -> Float;
+  Float -> Double;
+  Char -> Int;
+
+  {rank = same; Double; Float; Long; Int; Short; Byte; }
+}

tutorials/tour/type-casting-diagram.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+digraph UnifiedTypes {
+  node [fontname = "Courier"];
+  rankdir="BT"
+  AnyVal -> Any;
+  "AnyRef (java.lang.Object)" -> Any;
+
+  Double, Float, Long, Int, Short, Byte, Unit, Boolean, Char -> AnyVal;
+  List, Option, YourClass -> "AnyRef (java.lang.Object)"
+
+  Null -> {List Option YourClass}
+  "Nothing" -> {Double, Float, Long, Int, Short, Byte, Char, Unit, Boolean,  Null}
+
+  {rank = min; "Nothing"}
+  {rank = same; Double; Float; Long; Int; Short; Byte; Char; Unit; Boolean;  List; Option; YourClass}
+  {rank = same; "AnyRef (java.lang.Object)"; AnyVal}
+}