Datatypes

sqlc attempts to make reasonable default choices when mapping internal database types to Go types. Choices for more complex types are described below.

If you’re unsatisfied with the default, you can override any type using the overrides list in your sqlc config file.

Arrays

PostgreSQL arrays are materialized as Go slices.

CREATE TABLE places (
  name text   not null,
  tags text[]
);

package db

type Place struct {
	Name string
	Tags []string
}

Dates and times

All date and time types are returned as time.Time structs. For null time or date values, the NullTime type from database/sql is used.

The pgx/v5 sql package uses the appropriate pgx types.

For MySQL users relying on github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql, ensure that parseTime=true is added to your database connection string.

CREATE TABLE authors (
  id         SERIAL    PRIMARY KEY,
  created_at timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at timestamp
);

package db

import (
	"database/sql"
	"time"
)

type Author struct {
	ID        int
	CreatedAt time.Time
	UpdatedAt sql.NullTime
}

Enums

PostgreSQL enums are mapped to an aliased string type.

CREATE TYPE status AS ENUM (
  'open',
  'closed'
);

CREATE TABLE stores (
  name   text    PRIMARY KEY,
  status status  NOT NULL
);

package db

type Status string

const (
	StatusOpen   Status = "open"
	StatusClosed Status = "closed"
)

type Store struct {
	Name   string
	Status Status
}

Null

For structs, null values are represented using the appropriate type from the database/sql or pgx package.

CREATE TABLE authors (
  id   SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  name text   NOT NULL,
  bio  text
);

package db

import (
	"database/sql"
)

type Author struct {
	ID   int
	Name string
	Bio  sql.NullString
}

UUIDs

The Go standard library does not come with a uuid package. For UUID support, sqlc uses the excellent github.com/google/uuid package. The pgx/v5 sql package uses pgtype.UUID.

CREATE TABLE records (
  id   uuid PRIMARY KEY
);

package db

import (
	"github.com/google/uuid"
)

type Author struct {
	ID uuid.UUID
}

For MySQL, there is no native uuid data type. When using UUID_TO_BIN to store a UUID(), the underlying field type is BINARY(16) which by default sqlc would map to sql.NullString. To have sqlc automatically convert these fields to a uuid.UUID type, use an overide on the column storing the uuid (see Overriding types for details).

{
  "overrides": [
    {
      "column": "*.uuid",
      "go_type": "github.com/google/uuid.UUID"
    }
  ]
}

JSON

By default, sqlc will generate the []byte, pgtype.JSON or json.RawMessage for JSON column type. But if you use the pgx/v5 sql package then you can specify a struct instead of the default type (see Overriding types for details). The pgx implementation will marshal/unmarshal the struct automatically.

package dto

type BookData struct {
	Genres    []string `json:"genres"`
	Title     string   `json:"title"`
	Published bool     `json:"published"`
}

CREATE TABLE books (
  data jsonb
);

{
  "overrides": [
    {
      "column": "books.data",
      "go_type": {
        "import":"example.com/db",
        "package": "dto",
        "type":"BookData",
        "pointer": true
      }
    }
  ]
}

package db

import (
	"example.com/db/dto"
)

type Book struct {
    Data *dto.BookData
}

TEXT

In PostgreSQL, when you have a column with the TEXT type, sqlc will map it to a Go string by default. This default mapping applies to TEXT columns that are not nullable. However, for nullable TEXT columns, sqlc maps them to pgtype.Text when using the pgx/v5 driver. This distinction is crucial for developers looking to handle null values appropriately in their Go applications.

To accommodate nullable strings and map them to *string in Go, you can use the emit_pointers_for_null_types option in your sqlc configuration. This option ensures that nullable SQL columns are represented as pointer types in Go, allowing for a clear distinction between null and non-null values. Another way to do this is by passing the option pointer: true when you are overriding the TEXT datatype in your sqlc config file (see Overriding types for details).

Geometry

PostGIS

Using github.com/twpayne/go-geos (pgx/v5 only)

sqlc can be configured to use the geos package for working with PostGIS geometry types in GEOS.

There are three steps:

1. Configure sqlc to use *github.com/twpayne/go-geos.Geom for geometry types (see Overriding types for details).

2. Call github.com/twpayne/pgx-geos.Register on each *github.com/jackc/pgx/v5.Conn.

3. Annotate your SQL with ::geometry typecasts, if needed.

-- Multipolygons in British National Grid (epsg:27700)
create table shapes(
  id serial,
  name varchar,
  geom geometry(Multipolygon, 27700)
);

-- name: GetCentroids :many
SELECT id, name, ST_Centroid(geom)::geometry FROM shapes;

{
  "version": 2,
  "gen": {
    "go": {
      "overrides": [
        {
          "db_type": "geometry",
          "go_type": {
            "import": "github.com/twpayne/go-geos",
            "package": "geos",
            "pointer": true,
            "type": "Geom"
          },
          "nullable": true
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

import (
    "github.com/twpayne/go-geos"
    pgxgeos "github.com/twpayne/pgx-geos"
)

// ...

config.AfterConnect = func(ctx context.Context, conn *pgx.Conn) error {
    if err := pgxgeos.Register(ctx, conn, geos.NewContext()); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}

Using github.com/twpayne/go-geom

sqlc can be configured to use the geom package for working with PostGIS geometry types. See Overriding types for more information.

-- Multipolygons in British National Grid (epsg:27700)
create table shapes(
  id serial,
  name varchar,
  geom geometry(Multipolygon, 27700)
);

-- name: GetShapes :many
SELECT * FROM shapes;

{
  "version": "1",
  "packages": [
    {
      "path": "db",
      "engine": "postgresql",
      "schema": "query.sql",
      "queries": "query.sql"
    }
  ],
  "overrides": [
    {
      "db_type": "geometry",
      "go_type": "github.com/twpayne/go-geom.MultiPolygon"
    },
    {
      "db_type": "geometry",
      "go_type": "github.com/twpayne/go-geom.MultiPolygon",
      "nullable": true
    }
  ]
}