Client hints are a set of headers that a server can proactively request from a client to get information about the device, network, user preference and User-Agent specific preference. This document traces the life of a Client Hint, from the server's request in a response header to the client sending the corresponding hints in request headers. This allows committers to have a better understanding the Client Hints mechanism and the underlying implementation changes, reducing efforts when debugging issues related to Client Hints architecture.
See also:
A site must explicitly announce that it supports Client Hints. One primary way is using the Accept-CH header to specify the hints that the site is interested in.
Accept-CH: Sec-CH-Width, Sec-CH-UA-Bitness
When a site sends the Accept-CH header with a list of Client Hints, a client will choose to append some or all of the listed Client Hint headers to subsequent requests for that origin. For example, Sec-CH-UA-Bitness, the client uses a system library to determine the “bitness” of the underlying CPU architecture and then appends it to the request header. The browser stores those preferences on a per-origin basis when the Accept-CH header is received in a response to a secure, top-level navigation request.
Sites can also specify Client Hints in HTML using the <meta> element with the http-equiv attribute.
<meta http-equiv="Accept-CH" content="Sec-CH-Width, Sec-CH-UA-Bitness" />
For User-Agent Client Hints, it has an additional way to expose browser and platform information via JavaScript API: NavigatorUAData, and NavigatorUAData.getHighEntropyValues().
The Client Hints cache can only be accessed (read and write) via a delegate in the browser process. Only the main frame can write the Client Hints cache (This is because having more than one method of affecting the Client Hints storage introduces far more unnecessary complexity to the implementation, the specification and the developers). In other words, writing to the Client Hints cache requires passing several checks: the navigation must be top-frame, in a secure context, and have the necessary JS permissions and feature flags enabled.
In detail, Client Hints are read and written using the C++ ClientHintsControllerDelegate class which is a property of content::BrowserContext. In //chrome space, this delegate is implemented as the ProfileImpl and OffTheRecordProfileImpl. The delegate provides read and write Client Hints on a per-origin basis. Each platform has its own overrides implementation, such as principal implementation client_hints::ClientHints in //components, AwClientHintsControllerDelegate in Android WebView, and InMemoryClientHintsControllerDelegate for Fuchsia. Client hints values are read and written to the PrefService if the platform supports it, otherwise using in-memory std::map as the cache media. Client Hint preferences are stored in the preferences service as a origin-based content setting (ContentSettingsType::CLIENT_HINTS).
Note: Any storage related to an incognito mode profile is cleared when the last incognito tab is closed. Incognito profile (an off-the-record profile that is used for incognito mode) will have its own separate Client Hints storage.
Since Chrome M103, Client hints storage is marked as SessionModel::Durable, meaning the storage no longer has a predefined expiration lifetime. Client Hints preferences can be read from disk when the browser starts up and loaded into memory. This also means the Client Hints storage persist until either of the following happens:
Accept-CH.To support Client Hints on a new platform or embedder, the platform should implement its own ClientHintsControllerDelegate. For User-Agent Client Hints, it also needs to override the GetUserAgentMetadata() method to generate the User-Agent metadata, which usually involves calling embedder_support ::GetUserAgentMetadata in the component layer. We will discuss more in detailed design.
To address the issue that the client may not know what Client Hints to send on the first page load, we provided two mechanisms (Client Hint Reliability, RFC draft) to fix it:
To add a new Client Hint, we usually follow the guide here or find the latest example CL of adding a Client Hint.
As mentioned earlier, here are the major ways to access the Client Hints:
<meta> tagWhen a site support Client Hints via the HTTP headers, it specifies the Client Hints preferences in the Accept-CH header and can optionally send the Critical-CH header with critical Client Hints. To allow navigation requests to access those two response headers, we added two optional array<WebClientHintsType> fields : accept_ch and critical_ch, to the ParsedHeaders struct. These are populated in the PopulateParsedHeaders function by ParseClientHintsHeader, which parses Accept-CH and Critical-CH headers and returns the parsed representations of Client Hints as array<WebClientHintsType>.
Notes: An Accept-CH header with empty value (e.g.Accept-CH:) is considered valid. This instructs the browser to clear the Client Hints storage for the given origin.
By design, when a site enables Client Hints, the top-level document's preferences are used to determine which hints to delegate to subresource requests associated with that document. This delegation is governed by settings like Permissions Policy.
When requests are initiated from a document, the Client Hints are filtered through Permission Policies, which allows origins to control what features are available to third parties within a document. By default, if an embedded document is same-origin with its embedder, then Permissions Policy will delegate all available hints. For example, when a user visits https://a.com with Client Hints sec-ch-ua-bitness, sec-ch-ua-platform-version in the request header, the subresource request https://a.com/b.img will have the same Client Hints preferences in the request header.
The policy can specify a list of allowed origins or an asterisk * for all origins (low-entropy hints like Sec-CH-UA, Sec-CH-UA-Mobile ,Sec-CH-UA-Platform and Save-Data are considered safe to send to all subresources by default, so their policy defaults to *). Permissions can also be set in HTML for iframes in the same format through the allow attribute. See more details in Permissions Policy and Client Hints.
As one of Client Hint Reliability mechanisms, the Critical-CH response header is used to specify important hints for the origin to have on the very first request. For example, a server may use the Sec-CH-Device-Memory Client Hint to select simple and complex variants of a resource to different user agents. Such a resource should be fetched consistently across page loads even in the very first request to prevent inconsistent behavior. The interaction between Critical-CH and Accept-CH is discussed in a later section.
Based on Fenced Frame’s privacy guarantee, it doesn't allow communication between the embedding frame and the fenced frame. Currently, a fenced frame won’t have access to the Client Hints storage of the embedding page. There are ongoing discussions regarding how to handle Client Hints in a fenced frame, see the github issue. If a frame is inside a fenced frame, its origin is considered as opaque when looking up Client Hint preferences.
Initially, we only considered the request’s URL when creating the origin to access the Client Hints storage for navigation. However, this might be an issue when a sandboxed iframe opens a popup (with the attribute allow-popup). In this case, the popup's origin should be considered opaque, not the origin of its URL. When a new browsing context is created, it can inherit a “sandboxing flag set” from the embedding iframe or document. If any of the sandboxed origin browsing context flags is set, the resulting origin is opaque.
The following diagram shows how Client Hints are added to the HTTP request header before a response is received from the site. We only parse and persist Client Hints for the top-level document.
When initializing the NavigationRequest in //content layer, we look up the existing Client Hints storage to add them to the HTTP request header(the decision to add a specific hint also considers other settings like Permissions Policy). For User-Agent Client Hints, one special case is User-Agent overrides. If User-Agent has been overridden and the overridden User-Agent metadata is also not empty, the User-Agent Client Hints will be added to the requests header. Otherwise, no User-Agent Client Hints will be added. For details, check the current implementation of UpdateNavigationRequestClientUaHeadersImpl.
Once the site's response is available, CriticalClientHintsThrottle (a URLLoaderThrottle that is registered on top-level navigation requests) monitors whether the corresponding request needs to be restarted based on the values in the Critical-CH header and the existing Client Hints storage. It’s run on every response in the navigation it’s assigned to. The restart is implemented as an internal redirect. It replaces the original response and is sent to the navigation stack to proceed as normal.
In URLLoaderThrottle, responses are handled separately for normal(a.k.a. “final”) response and redirect response. When a redirect response occurs, the //net stack is notified of a redirect, not a final response. This notification is sent via a URLLoaderClient mojo pipe through either OnReceivedResponse or OnReceivedRedirect. The ThrottlingURLLoader (a wrapper around the URLLoader) loops through each throttle and calls BeforeWillProcessResponse/WillProcessResponse or BeforeWillRedirectRequest/WillRedirectRequest. This means responses handled by OnReceivedRedirect are not also processed by OnReceivedResponse. This is the reason why we need to implement both BeforeWillProcessResponse and BeforeWillRedirectRequest in the CriticalClientHintsThrottle.
In the following sections, we will discuss detailed workflow on handling normal and redirect responses with and without Critical-CH.
For a normal 200 response without restarting the request, we parse the Accept-CH header and persist the Client Hints preferences (ParseAndPersistAcceptCHForNavigation) if it’s top-level frame during navigation commit(NavigationRequest::CommitNavigation). We also update enabled_client_hints commit parameter to allow subresource requests to inherit the top-level frame’s Client Hints storage.
For a redirect response like 301, 302 without a restart, we parse the Accept-CH header from the redirect response and persist the Client Hints preferences when checking redirect completion (NavigationRequest::OnRedirectChecksComplete). This means the subsequent request header to the redirect page will include the Client Hints which specified in the original response Accept-CH header. Once the response of the redirect page is available, the remaining workflow is similar to a normal 200 response:
enabled_client_hints commit params.The following example explains how the redirect request works:
GET /foo HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Accept-Ch: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version,Sec-CH-UA-Bitness Location: /bar GET /bar Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version: "6.1.25" Sec-CH-UA-Bitness: "64" Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Accept-Ch: Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List
The first request to example.com/foo won’t include any Client Hints since clients don’t know what to send before receiving any response. Once the redirect response arrives, it will update the Client Hints storage to include Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version and Sec-CH-UA-Bitness, and the request to the new redirect location /bar will include these hints. However, if the final redirect location 200 response has a different Client Hints preference (e.g., Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List), it will update the Client Hints storage as Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List when committing the navigation. The next request to example.com will then send Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List int the request headers. Therefore, we recommend that sites send a consistent Client Hints preference for the same origin to avoid frequently changing Client Hints storage.
As mentioned earlier, the Critical-CH restart mechanism was implemented as an internal redirect. In this case, the response goes through CriticalClientHintsThrottle::BeforeWillProcessResponse. Once there are missing critical hints on the request header, we parse and persist the Client Hints preferences based on the latest response and then trigger an internal 307 redirect to restart the request. As the internal redirect response won’t contain the original response header (this means no Accept-CH header and Critical-CH header on the internal redirect response), we won’t update the Client Hints preferences storage when checking navigation redirect request completion (NavigationRequest::OnRedirectChecksComplete). However, we parse and update the Client Hints storage for the top-level frame when the final redirect response arrives and the navigation is committed.
In this scenario, a site redirects a request to a different location, and the responses include both Accept-CH header and Critical-CH header. The redirect response goes through CriticalClientHintsThrottle::BeforeWillRedirectRequest, where we check if any critical Client Hints are missing. Then, we parse and update the Client Hints storage on MaybeRestartWithHints accordingly. If a restart is needed, an internal redirect 307 will be sent to replace the original response. As mentioned earlier, we won’t update Client Hints preference storage for the internal redirect 307. The restarted request will include the missing critical Client Hints in its headers and then proceed as normal redirect requests, without further restarts.
Notes: To avoid endless redirect loops, we only restart once per origin.
The following example explains in details:
GET /foo HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Accept-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version,Sec-CH-UA-Bitness Critical-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version Location: /bar Internal Redirect HTTP/1.1 307 Internal Redirect GET /foo HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version: "6.1.25" Sec-CH-UA-Bitness: "64" HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Accept-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version,Sec-CH-UA-Bitness Critical-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version Location: /bar GET /bar Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version: "6.1.25" Sec-CH-UA-Bitness: "64" Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Accept-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version,Sec-CH-UA-Bitness Critical-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version
The first request to /foo doesn’t contains any Client Hints header. The browser receives the 301 redirect response with critical hint Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version. As the critical hint was missing from the original request, the request to /foo will be restarted via an internal 307 redirect. The restarted request to /foo will include Client Hints headers Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version and Sec-CH-UA-Bitness and then follow the redirect new direction /bar as described in the Redirect 301/302 section.
This section will cover the implementation details on adding Client Hints to subresource requests. Since we only parse and store preferences for the top-level frame, these preferences are passed to the document via the enabled_client_hints property of CommitNavigationParams when the navigation commits. It carries the commit params to RenderFrameHostImpl::CommitNavigation, which calls NavigationClient::CommitNavigation. The data is then transferred into a Blink format WebNavigationParams when calling RenderFrameImpl::CommitNavigation. Finally, the parameters are passed down to FrameLoader::CommitNavigation, and the Client Hint preferences are saved to client_hints_preferences_ when the document starts loading(DocumentLoader::StartLoadingInternal). This allows FrameFetchContext to add the appropriate Client Hint headers when populating resource request.
To populate User-Agent Client Hints on the subresource requests, one additional information is getting the User-Agent metadata. A frame fetch request will get the User-Agent metadata from UserAgentMetadata() in the LocalFrameClient interface. Implementation is in LocalFrameClientImpl::UserAgentMetadata().
The logic then branches based on whether the User-Agent has been overridden.
If the User-Agent has not been overridden, it calls the Platform::UserAgentMetadata() API. The RenderBlinkPlatformImpl implementation overrides UserAgentMetadata and calls RenderThreadImpl::GetUserAgentMetadata(). It returns user_agent_metadata_ which is updated by RenderProcessHostImpl::Init() via Mojo. RenderProcessHostImpl will call the platform's content browser client to get their own User-Agent metadata. Usually, different platforms call embedder_support::GetUserAgentMetadata in //components layer to generate the consistent User-Agent Client Hints metadata across all platforms. Exceptions include Android WebView and legacy Headless, which overrides the brand lists, and the Shell client, which provides its own User-Agent metadata for testing.
If the User-Agent has been overridden, it calls WebLocalFrameClient::UserAgentMetadataOverride API to get the User-Agent metadata. RenderFrameImpl, which implements the WebLocalFrameClient interface, overrides the UserAgentMetadataOverride method to get the User-Agent metadata from render preferences via blink::WebView::GetRendererPreferences. Blink::WebView (implemented as WebViewImpl) gets the render preferences via Mojo. To update the render preferences with the overridden User-Agent metadata, RenderViewHostImpl broadcasts the renderer_preferences_ to all renders via Mojo once a platform has set the User-Agent metadata overrides.
Before returning the final User-Agent metadata, we had a probe for InspectorEmulationAgent to apply User-Agent metadata overrides from devtools if it has.
As described in the Subresource Requests section, Client hints specified in a <meta> tag is one of the sources that FrameFetchContext users when adding Client Hints to the subresource requests.
When HTMLDocumentParser processes a Client Hints <meta> tag, it updates the local frame’s client_hints_preferences_ based on permission policy via ClientHintsPreferences::UpdateFromMetaCH. For security reasons, we only support <meta> tags in the raw HTML text. Client Hint preferences will not be updated if the tag is injected via JavaScript.
User-Agent Client Hints can be accessed through the JavaScript interface: navigator.NavigatorUAData and NavigatorUAData: getHighEntropyValues(). getHighEntropyValues() is an asynchronous API, it returns a Promise that resolves with a dictionary object containing the User-Agent high entropy Client Hints values. As getHighEntropyValues() could reveal more information, its asynchronous design allows the browser time to perform checks, such as requesting user permission.
When users call JS interface to get User-Agent Client Hints, the key step is still getting the User-Agent metadata. NavigatorBase::GetUserAgentMetadata() implements the NavigatorUA::GetUserAgentMetadata() interface and sets the User-Agent Client Hints data in NavigatorUAData. The JS call gets the User-Agent metadata from UserAgentMetadata() in the LocalFrameClient interface. The remaining logics are the same as subresource requests getting the User-Agent metadata.
When web developers call getHighEntropyValues(), it reads data from NavigatorUAData, triggers a promise resolver, and returns the values asynchronously.
The ACCEPT_CH frame is one of mechanisms defined in the Client Hints Reliability protocol RFC draft. We take advantage of ALPS (Application-Layer Protocol Settings) to deliver the ACCEPT_CH frame over the TLS handshake before the first application protocol round trip. For Client Hints, the ACCEPT_CH HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 frame is added to the TLS handshake. It's a connection-level optimization to avoid the performance hit of a retry in most cases. The browser can see the connection-level settings and react appropriately before sending the request to the server. It’s not an alternative mechanism to replace the Accept-CH header. The goal of ACCEPT_CH frame is to provide a reliable way to make Client Hints available in requests header avoiding an extra network round-trip in the common cases.
Once the server sends the ACCEPT_CH frame during TLS handshake, we can access that data from HttpStream::GetAcceptChViaAlps().
AlpsDecoder in //net/spdy is responsible for decoding the ACCEPT_CH frame. SpdySession saves the ACCEPT_CH frame entries (where an entry is a Client Hints preference and origin pair) to a hash map.OnAcceptChFrameReceivedViaAlps in QuicChromiumClientSession will analyze the ACCEPT_CH frame and save the entries to a hash map. The QUIC stack is responsible for decoding the ACCEPT_CH frame.ConnectedCallback is used to carry the accept_ch_frame raw string from HttpStream to URLRequest as a property of TransportInfo struct.See here for detailed documents on how to request an HttpSteam.
To send Client Hints messages from network service to the browser process, we added a Mojo interface AcceptCHFrameObserver which is owned by a single URLLoader. The observer checks whether an ACCEPT_CH frame received over HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 affects the associated navigation request. OnAcceptCHFrameReceived informs the observer an ACCEPT_CH frame was received for a given URL. The observer MUST check if the Client Hints in the frame need to be added to the request. If so, the request should drop the associated URLLoader, terminate the Mojo pipe, and issue a new request with the updated headers.
OnAcceptCHFrameReceived is used to inform AcceptCHFrameObserver that an ACCEPT_CH frame was received for the given origin. Once the accept_ch_frame is received, we filter all enabled Client Hints and check whether any Client Hints are missed from the frame tree node. If so, we set those Client Hints as additional Client Hints and store them in memory on the connection, but not persistent in prefs storage. Then, we apply those Client Hints to the modified_headers and clean the Client Hints stored in the memory for the given origin. Finally, we check whether those Client Hints are already in the resource_request_->headers. If not, we restart the request and reset the blink::ThrottlingURLLoader.
The following are the major steps for how the ACCEPT_CH frame Client Hints added to the request header when visiting https://a.com:
NavigationRequest initialize the request and call NavigationURLLoaderImpl to start it.ThrottlingURLLoader(url_loader_) is null and NavigationURLLoaderImpl creates one when it calls MaybeStartLoader.ThrottlingURLLoader, it calls ThrottlingURLLoader::Start() to start the request before returning to NavigationURLLoaderImpl.url_loader_ is created, it calls URLLoaderFactory to create an instance of URLLoader (to perform a single request to a URL). NetworkService can now send the ACCEPT_CH frame message to the browser/render process once the message pipe is created for the URLLoader.URLLoader's onConnected callback checks if there are Client Hints (retrieved from TransportInfo in HttpStream) that have not yet been added to the request header. In this initial request, only default hints are present. It notifies the AcceptCHFrameObserver (via the Mojo interface), which then calls OnAcceptCHFrameReceived to add the ACCEPT_CH frame hints and returns net::ERR_IO_PENDING.ACCEPT_CH frame is received, OnAcceptCHFrameReceived adds the expected Client Hints to the requests, stores the Client Hints in memory and cleans them before restarting the request. It also reset the url_loader_.NavigationURLLoaderImpl creates a new instance of url_loader_ for restarting.url_loader_ is created, it calls URLLoaderFactory to create the URLLoader, and onConnected is triggered again.onConnected knows that the request header already included the hint values from the ACCEPT_CH frame.net::OK.Here are the major steps when visiting https//a.com with a rewrite rule to a new location: https://a.com?foo=1&bar=2 :
https//a.com, NavigationRequest initializes the request and calls NavigationURLLoaderImpl to start the request.ThrottlingURLLoader(url_loader_) is null and NavigationURLLoaderImpl creates one when it calls MaybeStartLoader.URLLoaderThrottle applies a configured rule in WillStartRequest, updating the URL from https://a.com to https://a.com?foo=1&bar=2.ThrottlingURLLoader sends an internal redirect request (307) because the throttle_will_start_redirect_url_ (Set when a throttle changed the URL in WillStartRequest) is not null.NavigationRequest adds the Client Hints to the new request header after reading the Client Hints cache(both persistent and in-memory). At this point, no specific hints are cached, the new request header only includes the default enabled Client Hints. Any hints from the previous request are removed to prevent cross-origin leaks.NavigationURLLoaderImplfollows the redirect chains to start the new request to https://a.com?foo=1&bar=2.url_loader_ was already created, it follows the redirect chains to request as a normal URL.url_loader_ calls URLLoaderFactory to create a new URLLoader (to perform a single request to a URL). NetworkService now can send the ACCEPT_CH frame message to the browser/render process once the message pipe is created in URLLoader.URLLoader's onConnected checks whether the request header already includes all the Client Hints in the ACCEPT_CH frame. As the request header only added the default Client Hints, it will call OnAcceptCHFrameReceived and returns net::ERR_IO_PENDING.ACCEPT_CH frame is received, OnAcceptCHFrameReceived adds the expected Client Hints to the requests, stores the Client Hints in memory and cleans them before restarting the request. It also reset the url_loader_.url_loader_ doesn't send another internal redirect because no rewrite URL applies again.url_loader_ calls URLLoaderFactory to create another instance of URLLoader to make the request, and onConnected was triggered again.onConnected checks again if the request header includes all the Client Hints in the ACCEPT_CH frame.ACCEPT_CH frame Client Hints in the previous call of OnAcceptCHFrameReceived, we returns net::OK. Request internal redirect form https://a.com to https://a.com?foo=1&bar=2 completed.Notes: In a redirect (step 5), the new request is initially populated with only the default hints. The ACCEPT_CH frame hints are only added later (step 10) because they are stored temporarily in memory and cleared immediately after use within OnAcceptCHFrameReceived. One of the reasons to clean the additional client hints immediately is to avoid sending client hints to origins that don’t request them, especially for cross origins.